inglaterra

Prehistory and antiquity
The oldest human fossil discovered in the territory is over 500 000 years.3 The discovery was made in places where today Norfolk and Suffolk. Modern humans arrived in the territory for 35 thousand years, but due to difficult conditions dela last glacial period, fled Britain to the mountains of southern Europe. Only large mammals like mammoths and rhinos remained. About 11 thousand years ago, when the ice began to melt humans reoccupied the region. A genetic research demonstrated that came from the north of the Iberian Peninsula. The sea level was lower than today, and Britain was connected by land to Ireland and Eurasia, 4 when the sea rose separated from Ireland 9000 years ago and Eurasia half a century later.
The Beaker Culture reached around the year 2500 BC, they began with the construction of ships from mud and cobre.5 was at that time that the great monuments of the Neolithic were built, such as Stonehenge and Avebury . During the Iron Age Celts came from Central Europe, development of cast iron allowed the construction of better plows, the progress of agriculture and production of weapons eficaces.6
The Romans conquered Britain in AD 43, during the reign of Claudius, the area was incorporated into the province of Britania.7 In 410, with the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romans left the island to defend their limits in the Continental Europe.
[Edit] Middle Ages

Ceremonial helmet seventh century the kingdom of East Anglia, found at Sutton Hoo.
After the withdrawal of the Romans, Britain was prone to invasion by sea warriors like the Saxons and Jutes who gained control in areas of the southeast, its progress being held back for a while after the victory of the Britons at the Battle Mount Badon. Posromanos British kingdoms in the north, later known collectively as the British bards Ogledd Hen, were, in turn, gradually conquered by the Angles in the sixth century. Reliable contemporary accounts of this period are scarce, and so is the archaeological evidence, leading to its description as a Dark Age. There are several conflicting theories regarding the extent and the process of Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain, Cerdic, founder of the dynasty of Wessex, may have been a briton. However, for small seventh century Anglo-Saxon kingdoms known as the Heptarchy had emerged in the central and southern Britain: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex.
Christianity was introduced on the south by Augustine from Rome and on the north by Aidan from Ireland reintroduced Christianity which was lost after the founding of the eparchy.
England was conquered in 1066 by an army led by William the Conqueror from the Duchy of Normandy, a fief of the Kingdom of France. The Normans were from Scandinavia and had settled in Normandy a few centuries earlier. These people introduced feudalism and held power by barons, who settled in castles all over England. The language spoken by the new aristocratic elite was Norman, who had a considerable influence on the English language.
[Edit] Late Modern Age and Modern Age
Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, the momentum of the Royal Society and British initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment led to the creation of important innovations in science and engineering. This paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire, which at its height territorial got to include about a quarter of the earth's surface. Domestically, the Industrial Revolution, a period of profound change in cultural and socio-economic conditions of England, meant the industrialization of agriculture, manufacturing, engineering and mining, as well as development of new works in transportation and water infrastructure to facilitate expansion and development in this area highlighting the construction of the Bridgewater Canal, completed in 1761, and the opening of the Stockton-Darlington railway in 1825.
During the Industrial Revolution many people moved from rural to industrial areas in new expansion, for example to Manchester and Birmingham. England remained relatively stable throughout the French Revolution, with William Pitt the Younger, British Prime Minister during the reign of George III.
Since the twentieth century has been a major movement of immigration to England, mostly people from other parts of the British Isles, but also from countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, particularly from countries of the Indian subcontinent.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of England.

The Palace of Westminster, home of the UK Parliament.
Since England is one of the constituent countries of the UK, the political system is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government based on the system Westminster.8 There has been no Government of England since 1707, when the Act of Union that year certified the union of England with Scotland, creating the Kingdom of Great Bretaña.9 Before the union, England had its own king and its own parliament dealing with their government. Currently England is directly governed by the UK Parliament, although other countries have developed their own constituents gobiernos.10 The House of Commons, the lower house of the British Parliament, which is based in the Palace of Westminster, is composed by 532 MPs representing different constituencies located in England, a total of 650.11
In the UK general election of 2010 the Conservative Party won an absolute majority if you count only the 532 posts for England, gaining 61 seats more than all the other parties combined. However, if you add up the results in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, the result in England was not enough to secure an absolute majority, resulting in a situation known as a hung parliament or parliament colgado.12 This situation forced the Conservatives led by David Cameron, to compromise with the Liberal Democrats to form a government and to proclaim Cameron as Prime Minister.
Following the decentralization of powers, in which each of the other constituent countries of the United Kingdom, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland has its own parliament or assembly to local matters, there has been debate on how to compensate for this in England . Originally it was suggested that several regions of England have an Assembly itself, but the rejection of this idea in a referendum held in 2004 in the Northeast of England stopped this reform.
[Edit] Geography

Main article: Geography of England.
[Edit] Climate
England has a mild oceanic climate and humid, with temperatures not much lower than -5 ° C in winter and not much above 32 ° C in verano.13
The coldest months are January and February being the warmest month is July. Rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year, and that the west is the one most precipitaciones.13 Since they began to record the weather, the highest temperature was 38.5 ° C on 10 August 2003 at Brogdale, 14 while the lowest was -26.1 ° C on January 10, 1982 in Edgmond.15
[Hide] Parameters climate of England average
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Maximum daily temperature (° C) 7 7 9 12 15 18 21 21 18 14 10 7 13
Minimum daily temperature (° C) 1 1 2 4 6 9 11 11 9 7 4 2 6
Total precipitation (mm) 84 60 67 57 56 63 54 67 73 84 84 90 838
Source: Met Office16
[Edit] Subdivisions

Main article: Subdivisions of England.
[Edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of England.

The Bank of England is the UK central bank.
The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the central bank in the UK. Since its foundation acted as a private bank for the Government of England and continued this role for the United Kingdom until it was nationalized in 1946. It also has the monopoly on note issue for England and Wales the official currency of England and across the UK, the pound sterling, although it has the monopoly in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where some banks are entitled to issue their own notes.
Industrialization is very high in England, although since the 1970s has been a decline in traditional heavy industry and manufacturing sectors, instead of a growing emphasis towards service sectors. Furthermore, tourism has become a key factor in the British economy, which attracts millions of visitors annually. The main British exports are pharmaceuticals, automobiles, oil extracted from the English North Sea in conjunction with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages. Another important part of the economy is agriculture, which in England is intense and highly mechanized, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the workforce. Two thirds of agricultural production are devoted to livestock, while another third is devoted to the crop.
[Edit] Demographics

With more than 51 million inhabitants according to the census (Statistics) 2001, England is the most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the total population. These figures become to England in the 25th most populous country in the world, if a sovereign state, as well as the fourth largest by population in the European Union. In turn, with a density of 395 persons per square kilometer would be the second most densely populated state of the European Union after Malta.
[Edit] Languages
As the name suggests, the English, a language spoken by millions of people worldwide, originated as the language of England, where it remains the predominant language spoken in the world.
[Edit] Religion
After Anglicanism (with 55% of the population), the Catholic Church is the religion with more number of worshipers, assuming they (along with Wales) 4.2 million people, approximately 7.8% of the English population and galesa.17
Especially since the 50's, various religions practiced in the former British colonies began to appear due to immigration, Islam being the most common among them, representing approximately 3.1% of the population. They follow Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism, which were introduced from India and Southeast Asia, which together amount to 2%. In the 2001 census, about 14.6% of people said not to profess any religion.
[Edit] Culture

[Edit] Architecture

Broadway Tower is an architectural whim located in the county of Worcestershire.
Many ancient standing stone monuments were built during the prehistoric period, among the best known is Stonehenge, the arrows of the devil, and Rudston Monolith Castlerigg. With the introduction of ancient Rome, the architecture was not a development of the basilicas, baths, amphitheatres, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, palisades and aqueducts. It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best known example is Hadrian's Wall, which covers all of northern England. Another example is the well-preserved Roman baths in Bathy Somerset. The first civilian buildings in the medieval architecture were simple constructions using mainly wood with thatched roofs. Church architecture ranging from a synthesis of the monastic life to the Hiberno-Saxon. The early Christian basilica and architecture, are characterized by pilasters strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular openings in the head. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, different castles in England were created to law lords, who maintained his authority and in the north, protected from invasion. Some of the best known medieval castles include the Tower of London, Warwick Castle, Durham Castle and Windsor Castle, among others.
Throughout the Gothic period, flourished as the medieval cathedrals of Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and Yorkminster, as prime examples. Broadening the base was also Norman castles, palaces, great houses, universities and parish churches. medieval architecture was completed by the sixteenth century Tudor style, four-centered arch, now known as the Tudor arch. It was a function definition like the clay and adobe houses in the country. Following the Renaissance, a form of architecture echoed classical antiquity, synthesized with Christianity. English Baroque style appeared, with the architect Christopher Wren as the main exponent. Georgian architecture, followed in a more refined, evoked an easy way to Palladio, the Royal Crescent in Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the rise of Romanticism in the Victorian era, a Neo Gothic was launched, in addition to all this while, the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings like the Palacio de Cristal. Since the 1930s, various forms have appeared modernist whose reception is often controversial, despite the traditionalist resistance.
[Edit] Folklore
English folklore has developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present throughout England, but most belong to specific regions.
Common tradition of folklore or come goblins, giants, coconuts, trolls and dwarves. While many legends and folk customs are thought to be ancient, for example, stories with Offa of Anglia and Weyland Smith, and that once, from and after the Norman invasion, there is the fantasy of Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and his battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham is perhaps the best known story.
During the Dark Ages comics from British traditions entered English folklore is the familiar myth of King Arthur. These legends are derived from Anglo-Norman, French and Sources of Wales, King Arthur, Camelot, Excalibur, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table and Lancelot. These stories are linked to Godfrey of Britanniae. Another Monmouth, History Regum is a figure of early British traditions. As a King Cole, myth or story that can be based on a real figure of the Pre-Roman Britain. Many of the tales and fantasy stories, form a large part of the Literature of Great Britain, are a collection to share British folklore or traditions. Some figures are based on popular characters or figures or semi-real historical facts of history have people whose past centuries, such as Lady Godiva, said he was traveling on horseback naked through Coventry. Another story is Hereward the Wake was a heroic figure who resisted the English Norman invasion. Herne the Hunter is a ghost riding, associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch, that is the first model of witches. On November 5, people make bonfires, fireworks and eat caramel apples in commemoration of the Gunpowder Plot frustrated about Guy Fawkes. The gentleman bandit, such as Richard "Dick" Turpin, (September 21, 1706) which is a character from an eighteenth-century bandit butcher trade, stealing cattle for meat establishment. while Blackbeard the pirate is the archetype. There are various national and regional activities popular part this day, also the Morris dance, the dance of Palo May, rapper sword in the Northeast, The long sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers, Stage play , kicked the bottle in Leicestershire and cheese rolling on Cooper Hill.There is not the official national costume, but only a few traditions are well established, such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with Cockneys and tradition of the Royal Guard. The Morris suit and halberdiers.

Gastronomy

The fish and chips is widely consumed in England.

The apple pie is consumed in England since the Middle Ages.
Since the early modern English food has been characterized by its simplicity of approach, honesty of flavor and a reliance on high quality natural resources that occur. During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance, the English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, but had to decline during the Industrial Revolution over the land development and population growth. The French sometimes refer to people in English as 'roast beef', a stereotype to suggest sophisticated cuisine and raw England. However, it has recently undergone a renaissance, which has been recognized by food critics with good scores in the best restaurant in the world. Examples include traditional English food: Sunday Roast an elaborate set, usually beef, lamb or chicken, served with a variety of cooked vegetables, Yorkshire Pudding and Gravy. Other meals are outstanding Fish & Chips and English Breakfast, which consists of bacon, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding, baked beans, fried mushrooms, sausages and eggs. It is also often eat meat pies and beef, kidney, shepherd's pie, cottage pie, Cornish pasty and pork pie, the latter of which is consumed cold. Lancashire stew is a stew known. Some of the most popular cheeses are Cheddar and Wensleydale. Many hybrid Anglo-Indian dishes including curry, of these have created the Chicken Tikka Masala and Balti. British Sweets include apple pie, mince pies, Spotted Dick, buns, Eccles cakes, custard and caramel pudding. The most common drinks are tea, brought from India since the time when the British invaded the country, and finally, alcoholic beverages are consumed wines and ales (bitter, black, strong and mild).
[Edit] Arts
The earliest known examples are rocks and pieces of prehistoric rock art. The most prominent in North Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria, but also another feature to the south, for example, Creswell Crags. With the arrival of Roman culture in the first century, a number of art forms that use statues, busts, mosaics and glass were the norm. There are numerous artifacts, such as Lullingstone and Aldborough. During the early Middle Ages, the style was carved crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewelery, demonstrating the love of the complex, interwoven designs like the treasure discovered in Staffordshire 2009. Some of these styles mixed Gaelic and Anglian, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Psalter Vespasian. Later, Gothic art was popular in Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive as Benedictional San Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter. The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of his court, portrait painting would remain a lasting part of the state of English, has been driven by the German Hans Holbein, Nicholas Hilliard natives such as built on this. Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially flamingos, examples of the time of inclusion / Anthony van Dyck, Peter Lely, Godfrey Kneller and William Dobson.El 18th century was a time of importance to the founding of the Royal Academy based classicism prevailed in the High Renaissance: Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds and became the two most precious of England Artists. The Norwich School continues the tradition of landscape, while the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood with its vivid and detailed style Renaissance style revived Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais destacan.Durante the twentieth century, Henry Moore, was considered the voice of British sculpture and British modernity in general. Contemporary painters include Lucian Freud, whose work: Benefits Supervisor Sleeping in 2008 set a world record for the sale value of a painting by a living artist.
[Edit] Literature, poetry and philosophy
Geoffrey Chaucer was an English author, poet and philosopher, best remembered for his unfinished body narrative The Canterbury Tales. The first authors wrote in Latin as Bede and Alcuin. The period of Old English literature has always been supported by the Epic Beowulf, secular prose of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is, along with Christian writings: Judith, Hymn of Caedmon and holy hagiographies. After the Norman Conquest, Latin continued among the educated classes, and an Anglo-Norman literature. English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer, author of 'The Canterbury Tales', with Gower, the Poet Pearl and Langland.Los Franciscan, William of Ockham and Roger Bacon were the major philosophers of the Middle Ages and the other ages. Julian of Norwich it was with her Revelations of Divine. Love was a prominent Christian mystic. During the Renaissance, William Shakespeare was the great exponent (and currently still is) with works such as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and The Dream of A Midsummer Night remains one of the most widely advocated in the literature England. Marlowe, Spenser, Sydney, Kyd, Donne, Jonson are other renowned authors of the Elizabethan era. Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote in Empiricism and Materialism, including the scientific method and social contract. Filmer wrote about the divine right of kings. Marvell was the best known poet of the Community, while John Milton author of 'Paradise Lost' was during the Restoration.
Some of the leading philosophers of the Enlightenment were Locke, Paine, Johnson and Benthem. The more radical elements were offset later by Edmund Burke, who is considered the founder of conservatism. The poet Alexander Pope, with his satirical verses, became well regarded. Performance English is a significant role in the romance, Coleridge, Byron, Keats, Shelley M, PB Shelley, Blake and Wordsworth were important figures. In response to the Industrial Revolution, the writers seemed to find a path between freedom and tradition; Cobbett, Chesterton and Belloc were the main exponents of the cooperative movement and Penty defender Cole. Empiricism continued through Mill and Russell, while Williams was involved in the analysis. The authors of the era was vVictoriana include Dickens, the Brontes, Austen, Eliot, Kipling, Hardy, HG Wells, Carroll and then Underhill.Desde England continued to produce novelists like CS Lewis, Orwell, DH Lawrence, Woolf, Blyton , Huxley, Christie, Pratchett, J. R. R. Tolkien, and J. K. Rowling.

inglaterra

martes, 20 de noviembre de 2012

verbs

preposition

adverbs question

miércoles, 25 de julio de 2012

england